Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Sistem Hijian Internasional

{{Tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}
'''Sistim Internasional''' (lambangna '''SI''', sarua jeung tina asal hartina dina [[basa Prancis]] ''Systéme International d'Unités''), nyaéta [[sistim unit]] nu pangumumna dipaké. Iwal di [[AS]] jeung [[Inggris]], sistim ieu dipaké dina kahirupan sapopoé (utamana dagang) di sakuliah dunya, ogé dina widang ilmiah. SI was selected as a specific subset of the existing [[Metre]]-[[Kilogram]]-[[Second]] systems of units (MKS), rather than the older [[Centimetre gram second system of units|Centimetre-Gram-Second system of units (CGS)]]. Various new units were added with the introduction of the SI and at later times. SI is sometimes referred to as the '''metric system''' (especially [[Metric system in the United States|in the United States]], which has not widely adopted it, although it has been used more commonly in recent yéars, and the [[United Kingdom|UK]], where conversion is incomplete). ''Metric system'' is a broader term which includes SI; however, not all metric units of méasurement are accepted as '''SI''' units.

There are seven [[SI base unit|base units]] and several [[SI derived unit|derived units]], together with a set of [[SI prefix|prefixes]]. Non-SI units can be converted to SI units (or ''vice versa'') according to the [[conversion of units]].

== Asal-usul ==

The units of the SI are decided by a series of international conferences organised by the [[standards organization]] [[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures]] (International Buréau of Weights and Méasures). The SI was first given its name in [[1960]], and last added to in [[1971]].

The true origins of the SI or metric system date back to approximately [[1640]]. It was invented by French scientists, and was given a huge boost in popularity by the [[French Revolution]] of [[1789]]. The metric system tried to choose units which were non-arbitrary, merging well with the revolution's official idéology of "Pure Reason". The layout of the metric system may have been based on the idéalistic world-view of ancient Greeks, who théorized that there were four basic elements: éarth, water, fire and air.

The most important unit is that of length: one metre was intended to be equal to 1/10,000,000thof the distance from the pole to the equator along the meridian through Paris. This is approximately 10% longer than one [[yard]]. Later on, a platinum rod with a rigid, X-shaped cross section was produced to serve as the éasy-to-check standard for one metre's length. However, due to the difficulty of actually méasuring the length of a meridian quadrant in the [[18th century]], the first platinum prototype was short by 0.2 millimetres. Then a multiple of a specific radiation wavelength was introduced to abstractly define the (unchanged) length of the metre unit, and finally the metre was defined as the distance travelled by light in a vacuum in a specific period of time.

The unit of mass is the kilogram, which was defined by a cube filled with distilled pure water at its densest (+4° Celsius) and having sides equal to 1/10th of a metre. This volume contains one kilogram of water. One kilogram is about 2.2 [[pound]]s. This cubic space was also known as one [[litre]] (since slightly revised) so volumes of different liquids could be compared. Later on, a platinum-iridium metal cylinder was manufactured to serve as the one kilogram weight standard and remained so ever since.

The unit of temperature became the centigrade or inverted Celsius grade, which méans the mercury scale is divided into 100 equal length parts between the water-ice mixture and the boiling point of pure, distilled water. Boiling water thus becomes one hundred degrees Celsius and freezing is zero degrees Celsius. This is the metric unit of temperature in everyday use. A hundred yéars later, scientists discovered [[absolute zero]]. This prompted the establishment of a new temperature scale, called the absolute scale or [[Kelvin]] scale, which relocates the zero place but still uses 100 kelvins between the freezing point and boiling point of water.

The metric unit of time remained the second. One definition of day is 86,400 seconds. The formal definition of the second has been changed several times for enhanced scientific requirements (astronomic observations, tuning fork clock, quartz clock and then [[caesium]] [[atomic clock]]) but wristwatch users remain relatively unaffected.

The swift worldwide adoption of the metric system as a tool of economy and everday commerce was based mainly on the lack of customary systems in many countries to adequately describe some concepts, or as a result of an attempt to standardize the many regional variations in the customary system. International politics also factored into the choice as many countries made the industrial shift when Britain still had empire status, and had various feelings related to its position in the world. Scientifically, it provides éase when déaling with very large and small quantities because it lines up so well with our [[numeral system]].

Cultural differences can be represented in the local everyday uses of metric units. For example, bréad is sold in one-half, one or two kilogram sizes in many countries, but you buy them by multiples of one hundred grams in the former USSR.

Non-scientific péople should not be put off by the fine-tuning that has happened to the metric base units over the past two hundred yéars, as experts regularly tried to refine the metric system to fit the best scientific reséarcher (e.g. MKG to CGS to SI system changes or the invention of Kelvin scale). These changes seldom affect the everyday use of metric units. The presence of these adjustments has been one réason advocates of the [[U.S. customary units]] have used against metrication.

== Basis ==

SI is built on seven [[SI base unit]]s, the [[kilogram]], [[metre]], [[second]], [[ampere]], [[kelvin]], [[mole (unit)|mole]], and [[candela]]. These are used to define various [[SI derived unit]]s.

SI also defines a number of [[SI prefix]]es to be used with the units: these combine with any unit name to give subdivisions and multiples. For example, the prefix ''kilo'' denotes a multiple of a thousand, so the ''kilo''metre is 1 000 metres, the ''kilo''gram 1 000 grams, and so on. Note that a millionth of a kilogram is a milligram, not a microkilogram.

== Gaya nulis SI ==

* Symbols are written in [[lower case]], except the symbols that are derived from the name of a person. This méans that the [[symbol]] for the SI unit for pressure, named after [[Blaise Pascal]], is [[Pascal|Pa]], wheréas the [[unit]] itself is written [[pascal]]. The official SI brochure lists the symbol for the litre as an allowed exception to the capitalization rules: either capital or lowercase L is acceptable.
* Symbols are written in singular, e.g. 25&nbsp;kg (not "25 kgs").
* Symbols, unlike abbreviations, do not have a period (.) at the end.
* It is preferable to keep the symbol in upright Roman type (for example, m for metres, L for litres), so as to differentiate from mathematical and physical variables (for example, ''m'' for mass, ''l'' for length).
* A space is left between the numbers and the symbols: 2.21&nbsp;kg, 7.3·10<sup>2</sup> m<sup>2</sup>
* SI uses spaces to separate decimal digits in sets of three. e.g. 1 000 000 or 342 142 (in contrast to the commas or dots used in other systems, e.g. 1,000,000 or 1.000.000).
* SI used only a comma as the separator for decimal fractions until [[1997]]. The number "twenty four and fifty one hundredths" would be written as "24,51". In 1997 the [[CIPM]] decided that the British full stop (the "dot on the line", or period) would be the decimal separator in text whose main language is English ("24.51"); the comma remains the decimal separator in all other languages.
* Symbols for derived units formed from multiple units by multiplication are joined with a space or centre dot (·), e.g. N m or N·m.
* Symbols formed by division of two units are joined with a [[slash (punctuation)|solidus]] (/), or given as a negative [[exponent]], e.g. m/s, m s<sup>−1</sup>, m·s<sup>−1</sup> or <math>\frac{\mbox{m}}{\mbox{s}}</math>. A solidus should not be used if the result is ambiguous, e.g. kg·m<sup>−1</sup>·s<sup>−2</sup>, not "kg/m/s<sup>2</sup>".

The system can legally be used in every country in the world, and many countries do not maintain definitions of other units. Those countries that still give official recognition to non-SI units (e.g. the [[United States|US]] and [[United Kingdom|UK]]) have defined the modérn [[conversion of units|in terms of SI units]]; for example, the common [[inch]] is defined to be exactly 0.0254 metres. Survey distances have, however, not been redefined due to the accumulation of error it would entail. It was adopted by the 11th [[Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures|General Conference on Weights and Measures]] (CGPM) in [[1960]]. (See [[weights and measures]] for a history of the development of units of méasurement.)

== Unit ==

=== Unit dasar ===

Di handap ieu unit-unit dasar ti mana nu séjén diturunkeun, they are dimensionally independent. The definitions stated below are widely accepted.

{{SI_base_units}}

=== Dimensionless derived units ===

The following SI units are derived from the base units and are dimensionless.

{{SI_dimensionless_units}}

=== Derived units with special names ===
Base units can be put together to derive units of méasurement for other quantities. Some have been given names.

{{SI_special_units}}

=== Non-SI units accepted for use with SI ===

The following units are not SI units but are "accepted for use with the International System."

{{SI_acceptable_units}}

=== SI prefixes ===
The following SI prefixes can be used to prefix any of the above units to produce a multiple or submultiple of the original unit.

{{SI prefixes}}

=== Obsolete SI prefixes ===
The following SI prefixes are no longer in use.

{{Obsolete SI prefixes}}

== Variasi éjahan ==

Several nations, notably the [[United States]], typically use the spellings 'méter' and 'liter' instéad of 'metre' and 'litre'. This is in keeping with standard [[American English]] spelling (for example, Americans also use 'center' rather than 'centre,' using the latter on mostly office buildings; see also [[American and British English differences]]). In addition, the official US spelling for the [[SI prefix]] 'deca' is 'deka'.

The US government has approved these spellings for official use, but the [[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures|BIPM]] only recognizes the [[British English]] spellings as official names for the units. In scientific contexts only the symbols are used; since these are universally the same, the differences do not arise in practice in scientific use.

The unit 'gram' is also sometimes spelled 'gramme' in English-spéaking countries other than the United States, though that is an older spelling and use is declining.

== Tempo ogé ==

* [[Weights and measures]]
* Other méasurement systems: 
** [[Imperial unit]]s
** [[U.S. customary units]]
** [[Metre-tonne-second system of units]]
** [[Chinese unit|Chinese system of units]]
** [[Planck units]]
* [[CODATA]]
* [[Metrication]]
* [[Metric system in the United States]]
* [[Metrology]]
* [[UTC]] (Coordinated Universal Time)
* [[Binary prefix|Binary Prefixes]] - used to quantify large amounts of computer [[data]]
* [[Orders of magnitude]]
* [[ISO 31]]

== Tumbu kaluar ==

''Official''
* [http://www.bipm.fr/en/si/ BIPM (SI maintenance agency)] (home page)
* [http://www.bipm.org/en/publications/brochure/ BIPM reference] (SI reference)

''Information''
* [http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/index.html US NIST reference on SI]
* [http://ts.nist.gov/ts/htdocs/200/202/pub814.htm#chart chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050629075112/http://ts.nist.gov/ts/htdocs/200/202/pub814.htm#chart |date=2005-06-29 }}
* [http://www.aticourses.com/international_system_units.htm SI - Its history and use in science and industry]
* [http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/ A Dictionary of Units of Measurement]

== Further reading ==

* I. Mills, Tomislav Cvitas, Klaus Homann, Nikola Kallay, IUPAC: ''Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry'', 2nd ed., Blackwell Science Inc 1993, ISBN 0-632-03583-8.

[[Kategori:SI units]]
[[Kategori:Systems of units]]